I/O Redirection

Send output where you want it: the three streams and their numbers, and , < for input, 2 for errors, 2&1 and & to merge, /dev/null to discard, then the pipe, chains of pipes, tee, and pipes combined with redirects.

Labs in this module

Chapter 11, Part 1. I/O Redirection: the three streams, >, >>, <, 2>, 2>&1 and /dev/null - Part 1 of 2: the three streams and their numbers, then , , <, 2, 2&1, & and /dev/null (Sections 11.1 to 11.9). No machine test here; it comp
Chapter 11, Part 2. I/O Redirection: the pipe, chains, tee and redirects together - Final test: Chapter 11, I/O Redirection. Twenty-five objectives on a real Debian 12 server covering both parts: the three streams, , , <, 2,